Lighting

Key Lighting
Usually 'key lighting' is the main lighting type used on a set of a TV or film, it is very bright light and is used to highlight the focal object/character.


Fill Lighting
Generally has the same purpose as 'key lighting' except it is used to reduce contrast (so it isn't so harsh) and is far less intense. It's generally placed in a 3-point set-up to ensure even coverage.


Back Lighting
Pretty much what it says it is, a light that is used from the back (so, almost facing the camera) which often creates a silhouette effect. It creates a strong contrast between subject matter and it's surroundings and creates a greater sense of depth in the shot.


High Lighting
Typically used to create a happy impression in a shot, is typical in sitcoms and happy scenes in films. Removes any strong shadows and reduces contrast to ensure this mood.


Rim Lighting
Very similar to 'back lighting' except instead of having such a strong contrast like a silhouette the 'rim' (outline or whatever) of the image is illuminated slightly so it's far softer. Used to highlight the subject matter also.


Chiaroscuro Lighting
Used to create very high contrast between light and dark to create a sense of depth and add moodiness to a shot.